Dr YU Sze Yuen

Lung cancer is a type of malignant tumor which is commonly caused by factors such as long-term smoking and air pollution, and requires early detection and treatment.

Pulmonary nodule is a radiological finding defined as an area of increased density within the lung that measures 3 cm or less in diameter. Based on density, pulmonary nodules can be classified into three categories: solid, part-solid, and ground-glass (GGN). Pulmonary nodules may result from benign or malignant conditions. The diagnosis and management of pulmonary nodules are highly individualized.

Possible causes of Mediastinal Masses include lymph node enlargement (resulting from infections, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or malignant tumours), tumours (such as thymoma, germ cell tumours, and schwannomas), cysts, or other diseases.

Pleural effusion refers to an abnormal buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity. Under normal circumstances, the pleural cavity contains only a small amount of fluid (about 10-20 ml) to lubricate the pleura during respiratory movements. When the fluid volume increases abnormally, it can compress lung tissues, potentially leading to breathing difficulties, chest pain, and other respiratory symptoms.

Pneumonia is a lung infection that bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens may cause. Tuberculosis (TB) is a pulmonary infection transmitted through tiny droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Treatment for pneumonia and tuberculosis primarily involves medical management. However, a small number of patients may require surgical intervention to assist with diagnosis or to manage disease-related complications, such as pleural effusion/empyema or poor lung re-expansion.

Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs cannot adequately fulfill their essential function of supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. It can be caused by various factors such as lung diseases, infections, injuries, or even certain medications.

Therapeutic bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a flexible or rigid bronchoscope to diagnose and treat respiratory system diseases.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by impaired communication between nerves and muscles, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. MG can affect any muscle in the body but commonly targets muscles controlling the eyes, face, swallowing, and breathing. Severe cases can be life-threatening.

Palmar Hyperhidrosis is caused by an abnormality of the sympathetic nervous system that regulates sweat secretion, leading to sweating of the palms even when it is not needed. When severe, this condition can interfere with daily tasks and social activities. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) can rapidly relieve symptoms by removing the affected sympathetic nerves.