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Colonoscopy

General SurgeryGastroenterology Hepatology

Colonoscopy is a medical examination method used to inspect the interior of the colon and rectum. This procedure involves using a long and flexible fiber-optic scope (endoscope) inserted through the rectum to examine the entire colon and assess its condition.

Uses of Colonoscopy

The primary purpose of a colonoscopy is to assist doctors in diagnosing, preventing, or treating diseases in the lower gastrointestinal tract of patients.

Diagnosing Diseases

Colonic Polyps	Detecting and removing potential polyps to prevent them from developing into cancer.
Colorectal Cancer	Early diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal cancer.
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease	Determining the extent and severity of inflammation.
Intestinal bleeding	Investigating signs of bleeding originating from the colon.

Preventive Measures

Polypectomy	Doctors can directly remove small polyps during the examination to prevent malignant tumour development.
Biopsy	Obtaining tissue samples for biopsy to confirm or rule out diseases.

Therapeutic Procedures

Hemostasis	Performing therapeutic procedures on bleeding areas, such as haemostasis or burning abnormal tissue.
Dilation	Expanding narrow regions of the colon.

Colonoscopy Procedure

Preparation
To clear the colon, patients need to undergo colon cleansing, typically achieved through oral medications or liquid solutions. On the day before or the day of the examination, patients usually need to follow a light diet and may endure a period of fasting.
Sedation and Anaesthesia
Colonoscopy is usually conducted under sedation to relax the patient, and intravenous anaesthesia may be an option.
Insertion of Endoscope
The endoscope is inserted through the anus into the rectum and guided through the entire colon. Patients are typically positioned on their left side.
Examination and Treatment
The doctor observes the internal condition of the colon during the examination and performs therapeutic procedures such as polyp removal or hemostasis as needed.

When to Use Colonoscopy?

When an individual experiences persistent symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, blood in the stool, and weight loss, it may be advisable to undergo a colonoscopy to rule out or confirm potential colonic diseases.

Colonoscopy is a crucial method for colorectal cancer screening, especially for individuals with a family history or other risk factors for colorectal cancer, mainly when they are over the age of 50.

For individuals with a history of colonic diseases such as colonic polyps or inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), regular colonoscopy examinations aid in monitoring the condition and preventing recurrence.

When symptoms such as blood in the stool or anaemia are present, a colonoscopy can help determine if there is internal bleeding in the colon.

If other imaging tests (such as CT scans) show abnormalities or suggest the presence of polyps, tumours, or other lesions, further colonoscopy may be necessary to obtain more detailed information.